in high elevation forests in pennsylvania weegy. What's this phenomenon? Advertisement Expert-Verified Answer question 1 person found it helpful pstnonsonjoku Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. in high elevation forests in pennsylvania weegy

 
 What's this phenomenon? Advertisement Expert-Verified Answer question 1 person found it helpful pstnonsonjoku Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree speciesin high elevation forests in pennsylvania weegy  Tech

political regions C. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. High elevations in the Olympic Mountains have subalpine parkland and alpine. The grove is the highest single-stemmed juniper site containing distinct trunks. Non-native disease-carrying mosquitoes have decimated low elevation populations of native Hawaiian birds, and are now moving into high elevation forests, such as the one shown here. 30 to 137. Wildfires in California’s fabled Sierra Nevada mountain range are increasingly burning high-elevation forests, which historically have seldom burned, reports a team of researchers led by the John Muir Institute of the Environment at the University of California, Davis. In 1994–1995, metal stress in red spruce foliage evidenced by phytochelatin concentrations increased with red spruce damage index in spruce-fir dominated stands in high elevation forests. 10 °C for. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Among various tree species, brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia), a very important component of the. High-elevation forests including treeline ecotones are particularly valuable as wildlife habitats and because of their protective function such as avalanche and erosion control (e. Acid rain is caused by the combination of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from combustion and. The impact of climate variability on forests New York:. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. We compare census data and social group counts from two forests in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. P. The mountain pine beetle (MPB) is one of the most significant disturbance agents shaping pine forests, and like all insects, temperature is a major driver of its population success and. . Here, a four-year litterbag decomposition experiment along an elevation gradient (3000, 3300, 3600 m) was conducted in an Abies faxoniana Rehd. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. The northern hardwood forest occupies the northern third of the state and extends south at high elevations along the Allegheny Front. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. In recent decades, increasing temperatures and prolonged drought have been linked to. lives in the high mountains and it is nocturnal. View. Such information can be used in a variety of applications and at different geographical scales, including land surface process monitoring, natural resource management, and hydrological modelling (Fang,. Polylepis (Rosaceae: Sanguisorbeae) forests are distributed across the Central Andes between elevations of 3500 to 5200 m a. What's this phenomenon ? A. Pennsylvania, constituent state of the U. New Hampshire. tropical forest D. Check out this video on monitoring high-elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada. If climate warming continues in northeastern China, further continuous and substantial increase in tree growth would substantially raise forest productivity in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. , acting as a fresh water reservoir to the major river basins such as the Ganges, Indus, Yangtze, Mekong, Amu Darya, and Hilmand. A contour interval is the difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines. Weegy: Dramatic irony is when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Within the subalpine zone, high-altitude fir occupies the maximum area (1719. Douglas-fir is also frequently planted on cutover areas within this zone. gov website. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. Here, we analyzed the temporal changes in radial growth and tree. Credit: Grace Carter. Over time, the agency's jurisdiction has expanded not only to oversee. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. 3. As a result, onMoreover, this species does not share ecological requirements nor distribution with the species that seems to be the most closely related to it (D. 5600 cal years bp, when a sharp contraction of woody vegetation took place. In montane landscapes, the latter factors can vary significantly with topography at small spatial scales, potentially. Geoecol Res 6. The trail winds and weaves through a lush forest dense with rhododendron, hemlock, and fir, and climbs to 180-degree views of Chimney Tops and nearby Mt LeConte. grassland B. Score 1 User: The ring of fire on the map. Gen. Question. Wildfires are an integral process in vegetative terrestrial land which shape ecosystem functions. Snagfall the first decade after severe bark beetle infestation of high-elevation forests in Colorado, USA CHARLES C. , 2003, Vospernik and Nothdurft, 2018) and tree ring research is biased towards these extreme habitats (Carrer et al. 1). Rhode Island. highland C. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Clicker. New answers. s. 2015). In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Here, the term "Appalachian" refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range, and its surrounding terrain. Correa‐Díaz 1, L. Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. (18°56′S and 69°00′W). 6 km 2). Generally considered an easy route, it takes an average of 21 min to complete. Moore,1,†* Nicole A. Ongoing climate variability strongly affects high-elevation forests, influencing the wood formation process (e. 1. 208,000 acres (84,200 hectares) and is a prime example of a high-elevation forest fire. Book County High Points by Andy Martin; list compiled 1993 by Andy Martin, reviewed by Michael Schwartz. grassland B. Whats the phenomenon? A. [ ] User: _____ definitions are made up of the set of associations implied by a word in addition to its literal meaning. 1). Updated at : December 11, 2020 23:29. Climate warming is an undoubted fact (IPCC 2007, 2014), and the most rapid warming rates have been observed at high altitudes (Schickhoff et al. Some scientists propose that increased acidity might be the cause this phenomenon? weegy. the result of high N inputs (Sprugel 1984). A. , 2019). Scenery: The trail primarily travels through. Furthermore, spatio-temporal studies to establish links of wood properties and tree performance are needed. 0% of the total area and open regions comprise 8. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following characterizes both the savanna and chaparral biomes? a. Most high-elevation forests haven’t been subjected to much fire suppression, logging or other human activities, and because trees at these high elevations are in wetter forests, they historically have long return intervals between fires, typically a century or more. com is the easiest and fastest way to get answers to your questions, by providing a mashup of several technologies including an AI-enabled Q&A knowledgebase and integrated chat with live experts. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. , 2003, Andreu et al. Most Pennsylvania forests are now in age classes between 60 and 120 years, with the largest 10-year classes in the 81- to 100-year range (Jenkins et al. Latitude, temperature, moisture and elevation define the distribution of various temperate forests and trees. 7 km 2) and birch (340. Mercury contamination B. Elevation range of reserve varies from 1800 to 7817 m. 2009 May 14-15; Slatyfork, WV. government officially recognized the name of the mountain as “Mount McKinley” (named. The buffer zone area of the NDBR is characterized by a unique combination of diverse forest communities, represented by mixed temperate and tropical forests which occupy the lower altitudes, and Birch (Betula utilis) and Silver fir (Abies pindrow) forests dominating the sub-alpine areas. Rating. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. While mountain pine beetle is a native species and has historically had periodic outbreaks, the recent epidemics in high-elevation western forests are considered unprecedented in duration and magnitude over the past 200 years. Under what condition will true altitude be lower than indicated altitude? 1. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might. [ The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. tropical forest D. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. l corresponds tothe lowest alpine treelin elevation recordee 105 d over the MTP (Shi et al 2019, Singh, 2018). NRS-P-64. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. High altitude tree growth is predominantly limited by low temperature, and thus more responsive to climate warming. Due to the climate that comes with their elevation, the highest areas of Southern Appalachia are home to plant. 2) is a continental–dry mountain climate with an average annual precipitation sum between ≈700 and 1400 mm (top of the mountains). Journal of Biogeography. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. 5 million sq. chaparralA. They found that higher elevation forests’ average water use was generally unchanged or slightly increased during extreme droughts. with fewer old forests. 9 m/y. The study observes changes in upslope advance in high-elevation forest fires, how climate aridity—and our warming planet—is correlated with these fires, and how biodiversity loss and vegetation conversion factor into these changing conditions. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. — could be at risk this year and in future wildfire seasons. , one of the original 13 American colonies. These high elevation forests have been changed by the recent mountain pine beetle and spruce beetle epidemics and provide many values to the local communities, Colorado and beyond. Location Upper mountain forest stands (elevation range 1800–2600 m) in the mountains of southern Siberia. Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with. l. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Our knowledge about the structure and function of Andean forests at regional scales remains limited. and more. The Wieslander survey from the 1930s provides an anachronistically high resolution (minimum mapping unit of 16 ha) and expansive (176,900 km 2). G) stream. Montane forests Waimea Canyon, Hawaii, is known for its montane vegetation. Credit: Grace Carter. We found that the amount of burning in subalpine forests of the Northern Rockies over the 20th and 21st. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. , 2007, Büntgen et al. This community occurs around heath woodlands and fens in high-elevation valleys in the White Mountains and the North Country. Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have _____ ecosystems. lower than the actual altitude above sea level. Pine Creek Gorge, located in Tioga State Forest, is known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania for its dramatic views and steep glacially carved walls. grassland B. This milestone for the country covers an official area of 386,176 acres (just over 1,500 square kilometers) of remote, high-altitude forest. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. large herds of herbivorous mammals e. Tree line ecotones in high-elevation forests are especially sensitive to climate variation effects (Körner, 2012; Salzer et al. In general, fine roots showed their highest nutrient concentrations. Progress in understanding changes in soil biology in response to latitude, elevation and disturbance gradients has generally lagged behind studies of above-ground plants and animals owing to methodological constraints and high diversity and complexity of interactions in below-ground food webs. We found that the amount of burning in subalpine forests of the Northern Rockies over the 20th and 21st. Ask a question. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Acid caused by S*O_{3} combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor B. Warming temperatures play a role, facilitating mountain pine beetle activity at higher elevations and for longer time. Winston is. grassland B. (Fig. distance from the equator. A. 1 Introduction. Proceedings from the conference on the ecology and management of high-elevation forests in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. , Alexander 1974; Dye & Moir 1977; Layser & Schubert 1979; Moir & Ludwig 1979). The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. elevation. climate regions D. These forests are at elevations ranging between 5,000 and 10,000 feet, says Smithsonian. g. In: Rentch, James S. A locked padlock) or means you’ve safely connected to the . Forest trees exhibit a large variation in basal area increment, which depends on tree specific factors, inter-tree relations and the environment. l. The Cumberland Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern section of the Appalachian Mountains. Little information exists specific to the response to disturbance, including timber harvesting, in. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Those forests, which made up about 22% of the forest area they studied, tended to be located above 3,280 feet. Colonies aggregate at nesting sites called roosts. Mount Davis is in Somerset County, in the southwestern part of the state. ocean circulation patterns. Some scientists propose that increased acidity might be the cause this phenomenon? weegyanswered • expert verified. 2009 May 14-15; Slatyfork, WV. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. New answers. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. The highest point in Pennsylvania is Mount Davis, at 3,213 feet (979 meters) above sea level. Here, we assessed soil properties. 1999). Question 7 options: denotative Direct None of the Above. Situated at 7,000. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. ) and moisture. User: which states passed laws outlawing slavery after the war Weegy: Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island passed laws outlawing slavery after the war. Forbes (1943) The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania. Alpine treelines are proven bio-indicator and bio-monitor to understand the environmental impacts at high elevation. This resulted in 40 106 out of the 159 sites being selected. Denali: 20,310 feet (6,190 m) high. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. The sites exhibiting the. ; Schuler, Thomas M. Easy • 4. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. 1). Mercury contamination B. located at its lower elevation margin (18°24′S and 69°30′W) and the other of P. We move from low to high elevation, recognizing that forest zone elevations are contingent on latitude across the region (Fig. This study was carried out in two high-elevation forest sites in the Chilean Altiplano, one of P. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. RHOADES, 1,3 ROBERT M. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Hiking trails originate from the campus and explore the high-altitude forest that surrounds the area. MISSOULA – Following 2020’s extreme fire season, high-elevation forests in the central Rocky Mountains now are burning more than at any point in the past 2,000 years, according to a new University of Montana study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have __________ ecosystems. B) Denver. Virginians for Wilderness Web Site. Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or overburden, above the seams. Proceedings from the Conference on the Ecology and Management of High-Elevation ForestsIn high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Forests of the Central Appalachians project. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Check out this 0. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. New answers. High elevation sites are both good and bad for trees. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Rating. Our study constitutes a step forward in the sense that (i) we use a larger dataset. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Forest types and human impact. Southwestern US mountain ecosystems contain a variety of vegetation communities organized along an. Significant declines in tree. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. Villanueva‐Díaz4, A. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Therefore, forest managers in mountainous regions need more accurate data about the. However, how climate, biodiversity, and structural attributes co-determine spatiotemporal variation in forest biomass remains. s. 10 (1): e02568. D- Erosion occurs through deflation, and sand that. Geologists, it turns out, don't readily agree what height makes a mountain a mountain, but an elevation of 300 meters (1,000 feet) is generally high enough to earn the classification. , 2008a, Esper et al. Negative effects from climate change will likely reduce the habitat of high. Projected changes in climate are expected to shift the ranges of many tree species poleward and to higher elevations. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Check out this 0. highland C. A. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. The valleys are dominated by upper temperate and subalpine forests mainly composed of conifers like Larix species, Abies spectabilis, and some broadleaf. The work focused on forest fires larger than 405 hectares that occurred between 1984 and 2017. Decreases in pH caused by. New research shows high-elevation forests in the Rocky Mountains are burning more now than any time in the past 2,000 years amid extreme, climate change-induced drought. , xylogenesis). , 2011) (Fig. Clicker. Increasing minimum temperatures is one factor attributed to northward range expansion of the mountain pine beetle in Canada. s. Suárez‐Espinoza5 1Postgrado en Ciencias Forestales,. ] Score . ) and subalpine forests dominate the upper montane ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada. 3. They have shorter growing seasons because the frost-free period is shorter. highland C. This process is. Book County High Points by Andy Martin; list compiled 1993 by Andy Martin, reviewed by Michael Schwartz. If you experience some of the following signs and symptoms of depression nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, you may be living with depression: feeling sad, anxious, or “empty”. A. Tech. The area corresponds to the “Abies amabilis zone” of Franklin and Dyrness (1973), whichforests. BEST HIKES ON THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY IN NC. A high-elevation balsam fir forest community typically occurs between about 3,500 to 4,500 feet, and locally higher or lower depending on site conditions such as topography and degree of exposure. In high elevation forests in the Southern Rocky Mountains, North America, areas that are dominated by a single tree species are often adjacent to areas dominated by another tree species. Weegy. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. For example, outbreak populations of southern pine beetle are now persistent in New Jersey (21), and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in high elevation forests are continuing at paces not seen over the past century (22). Tree growth in this region was significantly and positively correlated with July–October minimum temperatures during 1950–2010 ( R 2 =. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Trail Type: Loop. Rating. com. Forest Service, 240 W. New answers. with fewer old forests. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. l to 1700 m a. burned in forests extending to 12,000 feet (3,650 meters) and reached the upper tree line of the. Tech. The National Audubon Society reports that deforestation has led to over a fifty percent decline in their population levels over the past forty years. The northern hardwood forest occupies the northern third of the state and extends south at high elevations along the Allegheny Front. Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. rugulosa at 3777 m a. Montane forests occur between the submontane zone and the subalpine zone. In the coastal fog belt, Douglas-fir is rare and Sitka spruce becomes abundant. Prospect Street, Fort Collins, Colorado. Above: Mountain pine beetle and white pine blister rust have heavily impacted this whitebark pine forest in the Mt. High elevations in the Olympic Mountains have subalpine parkland and alpine. Get an answer. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might. com is an AI-enabled chat service that observes all of the online support interactions between your call center representatives and customers. s. 6 m/y, a rate comparable to the elevational velocity of vapor pressure deficit of 8. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Rocky Mountain’s sixty mountain peaks over 12,000 feet high provide world attention-grabbing scenery. High-elevation forests are important for. 50 °C ± 0. A tiger has been caught on camera at an elevation of 3,165 metres in Ilam district of eastern Nepal in the first ever sighting of the big cat at such a high altitude. Since acquiring this property, The Nature Conservancy has developed a forestry management plan to improve the ecological conditions of the land to help. Here, we analyse tree-ring-based growth-climate relationships for two dominant tree species along an 800-m elevational. On the White Mountain National Forest, dwarf black spruce and tamarack cooccur on shrub islands within acidic fens and on small (<2. To characterize the annual cycle of. Shaded relief, or terrain shading, is a technique used to give contour maps a 3D. grassland B. In: Beniston M, Innes LJ, eds. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Alaska. The increase of altitude is accompanied by decrease of atmospheric pressure and air density. We found that the amount of burning in subalpine forests of the Northern Rockies over the 20th and 21st. This study was carried out in two high-elevation forest sites in the Chilean Altiplano, one of P. User: Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have _____ ecosystems. Forestry in our nation was in its infancy a century ago, but within that century, the forests have regenerated and matured remarkably due to the hard work of the Pennsylvania. g. Connotative Weegy: Connotative definitions are. Additionally, the northern Pennsylvania Ridge and Valley is relatively cloudy, although not to the degree of the region of the cloudy - day maximum (Reifsneider and Lull, 1965). Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Wildlife population declines have been attributed not only to. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. ; Schuler, Thomas M. rugulosa at 3777 m a. Most of the forests are dense and can block as much as 70–90% of solar radiation from reaching the ground. PNAS caught up with the researchers on the. Photos (750) Directions. 4 million acres. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Acid caused by S*O_{3} combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor B. com is the easiest and fastest way to get answers to your questions, by providing a mashup of several technologies including an AI-enabled Q&A knowledgebase and integrated chat with live experts. In the coastal fog belt, Douglas-fir is rare and Sitka spruce becomes abundant. May was the warmest month (9. The park, nearly surrounded by Loyalsock State Forest, is in the Loyalsock Creek valley on Pennsylvania Route 154 in Forks and Shrewsbury Townships southeast of the borough of Forksville. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. C- Glaciers cause erosion through the movement of large chunks of ice, which are deposited and form depressions. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Ozone depletion . The sites exhibiting the. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. tropical forest D. Score 1A. What's this phenomenon? Advertisement Expert-Verified Answer question 1 person found it helpful pstnonsonjoku Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. leucopodia is a cosmopolitan species that can be found on different substrates at lower elevations (Tran et al. 2005). The most significant variables explaining T were the elevation (Δ= -0. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. C. S TARR,1 DANIEL B. The forests are open and have a low density of trees (50-100 trees/ha) with a sparse her-baceous understory. The ecoregion is located in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, including the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Forest fires of the western United States have advanced upslope over the past few decades, scorching territories previously too wet to burn. Forest biomass is an important component of terrestrial carbon pools. Desai,7 Jose Negron6 and Russell K. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Some of the most common types are political, physical, topographic, climate, economic, and thematic maps. Within its extensive range, two varieties of the species currently are. In montane landscapes, the latter factors can vary significantly with topography at small spatial scales, potentially. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. New answers. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Rep. com is the easiest and fastest way to get answers to your questions, by providing a mashup of several technologies including an AI-enabled Q&A knowledgebase and integrated chat with live experts. Proceedings from the conference on the ecology and management of high-elevation forests in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains.